• Such responses have led to the

  2022-06-09

  

  Such responses have led to the idea that elasmobranchs may be glucose intolerant. However, certain species, such as the North Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi; note that the species used in this study was previously referred to as Squalus acanthias but a study by Ebert et al. (2010) provided

• Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the hepati

  2022-06-09

  

  Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the hepatic glucagon pathway has invariably been shown to increase pancreatic α cell mass. This has been observed in glucagon receptor (GCGR) knockout (Gcgr−/−) mice (Gelling et al., 2003), glucagon knockout mice (Hayashi et al., 2009), prohormone co

• br Introduction HH GLI signaling is one

  2022-06-09

  

  Introduction HH-GLI signaling is one of the major pathways involved in both normal and neoplastic development [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Inappropriate activation of this pathway has been linked to cancer, including medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma and cancers of the lung, stomac

• br Materials and methods br

  2022-06-09

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Our data show that the ghrelin receptor, Ghsr, links energy homeostasis with a form of adult hippocampal plasticity. The presence of Ghsr on mature DG neurons suggest that acyl-ghrelin may modulate NSPCs indirectly, possibly via soluble factors such

• It must be noted that while the accumulated

  2022-06-09

  

  It must be noted that while the accumulated evidence on molecular mechanisms has resulted in well-established experimental methods to externally act on single-cell characteristics and networks, safe and efficient external methods to modify multicellular states are still a matter of basic research. C

• The active site of PS is located at the

  2022-06-09

  

  The active site of PS1 is located at the interior of its TM horseshoe-like fold (29) (Fig. 1). TM2 and TM6 serve as “doors” for substrate entry (30), as also observed in recent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the PS1 subunit (31). Recent coarse-grained (CG) and atomic simulations also showed

• Interestingly GAL has also been shown to be

  2022-06-09

  

  Interestingly, GAL has also been shown to be co-expressed and/or secreted in luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (Merchenthaler et al., 1991, Marks et al., 1994) and kisspeptin (KISS) neurons (Porteous et al., 2011). Furthermore, GAL was shown to stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion

• br Conflicts of interests br

  2022-06-09

  

  Conflicts of interests Acknowledgements We thank Drs. T. Tomita and T. Iwatsubo (Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan) for anti-presenilin 1-CTF antiserum, Dr. A. Takashima (Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan) for anti-Pen-2 antiserum and the laboratory members for helpful comments and discussion. M

• The importance of T currents in the control of

  2022-06-09

  

  The importance of T-currents in the control of thalamic GABA synaptic function is also demonstrated by the presence of T-channel-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity, either potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). Indeed, in the associative posterior thalamic medial nucleus, an LTP of the GABAerg

• Mallory stained sections showed significant increase in coll

  2022-06-09

  

  Mallory stained sections showed significant increase in collagen fiber deposition around the hepatic nodules together with significant increase in positive immune-reaction to α-SMA in TAA-treated group. This was in accordance with previous studies which reported that myofibroblasts which were develo

• Interestingly we have shown that OA required FFAR to induce

  2022-06-09

  

  Interestingly, we have shown that OA required FFAR4 to induce osteoblast gene expression in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts, but not to inhibit osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. As previously suggested, FFAR1 may mediate the effects of OA in osteoclasts. However, FFAR1 has also been shown

• DAMPs are endogenous danger signals that can initiate

  2022-06-09

  

  DAMPs are endogenous danger signals that can initiate and perpetuate a noninfectious Amikacin receptor during cell death [23]. HMGB1 is a well-studied nuclear DAMP in various types of regulated necrosis and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of infection and sterile inflammation. Our current da

• We thus asked whether enhanced AEA levels

  2022-06-09

  

  We thus asked whether enhanced AEA levels in the pac 1 synthesis reduce the level of age-related inflammatory changes and slow down brain ageing. To answer this question we compared the morphology of microglia and level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of young and old wild-type and

• The present findings demonstrate for the first time

  2022-06-09

  

  The present findings demonstrate for the first time in immature rats that hippocampal infusion of ET-1 results in a rapid and long-lasting decrease in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and oxygen saturation (pO2). These data are in accord with the results of studies and adult animals, which have s

• br Conflict of interest br Introduction HAT is the

  2022-06-08

  

  Conflict of interest Introduction HAT1 is the founding member of an expanding class of enzymes known as type B histone acetyltransferases (HATs). HATs are divided into two categories, type A and type B [1]. The type A HATs are nuclear enzymes that acetylate histones in the context of coelenter

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